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余弦相似度代码

[[余弦相似度]]

以下是 向量余弦相似度的完整代码实现,包含「基础原理验证」「深度学习框架适配」「文本检索」「对比学习损失」4个核心场景,所有代码可直接运行,附详细注释:

一、环境依赖安装

先安装必要的库(适配Python 3.8+):

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pip install numpy torch tensorflow gensim nltk scikit-learn

二、1. 基础实现(纯Python + NumPy)

适合理解原理,适配小规模向量计算:

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import numpy as np

def cosine_similarity_np(vec1: np.ndarray, vec2: np.ndarray, eps: float = 1e-8) -> float:
    """
    NumPy实现余弦相似度(支持单个向量/批量向量)
    :param vec1: 向量1(shape: [n] 或 [batch, n])
    :param vec2: 向量2(shape: [n] 或 [batch, n])
    :param eps: 防止分母为0的微小值
    :return: 余弦相似度(单个值或batch数组)
    """
    # 计算点积:单个向量→标量,批量→[batch]
    dot_product = np.sum(vec1 * vec2, axis=-1)
    
    # 计算L2范数
    norm1 = np.linalg.norm(vec1, axis=-1)
    norm2 = np.linalg.norm(vec2, axis=-1)
    
    # 计算余弦相似度(加eps避免除零)
    similarity = dot_product / (norm1 * norm2 + eps)
    
    # clip到[-1, 1](数值误差导致的溢出修正)
    return np.clip(similarity, -1.0, 1.0)

# ---------------------- 测试代码 ----------------------
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # 单个向量测试
    vec1 = np.array([1, 2, 3])
    vec2 = np.array([1, 2, 3])  # 方向完全一致→相似度1
    vec3 = np.array([-1, -2, -3])  # 方向相反→相似度-1
    vec4 = np.array([1, 0, -1])  # 无关联→相似度接近0
    
    print("vec1与vec2相似度:", cosine_similarity_np(vec1, vec2))  # 输出≈1.0
    print("vec1与vec3相似度:", cosine_similarity_np(vec1, vec3))  # 输出≈-1.0
    print("vec1与vec4相似度:", cosine_similarity_np(vec1, vec4))  # 输出≈0.0
    
    # 批量向量测试(模拟深度学习中批量特征)
    batch_vec1 = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])  # shape: [2, 3]
    batch_vec2 = np.array([[1,2,3], [7,8,9]])  # shape: [2, 3]
    batch_sim = cosine_similarity_np(batch_vec1, batch_vec2)
    print("批量相似度:", batch_sim)  # 输出≈[1.0, 0.9945]

三、2. 深度学习框架适配(PyTorch + TensorFlow)

适配大规模批量计算(GPU加速),深度学习训练/推理常用:

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# ---------------------- PyTorch版(推荐)----------------------
import torch

def cosine_similarity_torch(vec1: torch.Tensor, vec2: torch.Tensor, eps: float = 1e-8) -> torch.Tensor:
    """
    PyTorch实现余弦相似度(支持GPU,适配批量)
    :param vec1: 向量1(shape: [n] 或 [batch, n] 或 [batch1, n])
    :param vec2: 向量2(shape: [n] 或 [batch, n] 或 [batch2, n])
    :return: 相似度矩阵(若输入为[batch1,n]和[batch2,n],输出[batch1,batch2])
    """
    # 标准化向量(L2归一化,等价于原公式,计算更高效)
    vec1_norm = vec1 / (vec1.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True) + eps)
    vec2_norm = vec2 / (vec2.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True) + eps)
    
    # 批量矩阵乘法:[b1,n] @ [n,b2] = [b1,b2](适合检索场景)
    if vec1.ndim == 2 and vec2.ndim == 2:
        return torch.matmul(vec1_norm, vec2_norm.t())  # t()转置
    # 对应元素相乘求和(适合成对向量)
    else:
        return (vec1_norm * vec2_norm).sum(dim=-1)

# ---------------------- TensorFlow版 ----------------------
import tensorflow as tf

def cosine_similarity_tf(vec1: tf.Tensor, vec2: tf.Tensor, eps: float = 1e-8) -> tf.Tensor:
    vec1_norm = tf.nn.l2_normalize(vec1, axis=-1)
    vec2_norm = tf.nn.l2_normalize(vec2, axis=-1)
    if len(vec1.shape) == 2 and len(vec2.shape) == 2:
        return tf.matmul(vec1_norm, tf.transpose(vec2_norm))
    else:
        return tf.reduce_sum(vec1_norm * vec2_norm, axis=-1)

# ---------------------- 框架版测试 ----------------------
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # PyTorch测试(GPU加速)
    device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
    vec1 = torch.tensor([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]], dtype=torch.float32).to(device)
    vec2 = torch.tensor([[1,2,3], [7,8,9]], dtype=torch.float32).to(device)
    
    sim_torch = cosine_similarity_torch(vec1, vec2)
    print("PyTorch批量相似度矩阵:\n", sim_torch.cpu().numpy())  # 输出2x2矩阵
    
    # TensorFlow测试
    vec1_tf = tf.constant([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]], dtype=tf.float32)
    vec2_tf = tf.constant([[1,2,3], [7,8,9]], dtype=tf.float32)
    sim_tf = cosine_similarity_tf(vec1_tf, vec2_tf)
    print("TensorFlow批量相似度矩阵:\n", sim_tf.numpy())

四、3. 深度学习应用1:文本语义检索(Word2Vec + 余弦相似度)

模拟「查询文本→匹配最相似候选文本」场景,核心是用余弦相似度衡量语义向量距离:

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import gensim.downloader as api
from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
import nltk

# 下载必要的NLTK资源(首次运行需要)
nltk.download('punkt')
nltk.download('stopwords')
stop_words = set(stopwords.words('english'))

def text_to_vec(text: str, word2vec_model) -> np.ndarray:
    """
    文本→语义向量(词向量平均法,适合简单场景)
    :param text: 输入文本(英文)
    :param word2vec_model: 预训练Word2Vec模型
    :return: 句向量(shape: [vec_dim])
    """
    # 文本预处理:分词→去停用词→筛选有词向量的词
    tokens = word_tokenize(text.lower())
    valid_words = [word for word in tokens if word not in stop_words and word in word2vec_model.key_to_index]
    
    if not valid_words:
        return np.zeros(word2vec_model.vector_size)  # 无有效词→零向量
    
    # 词向量平均(简单句向量生成方式)
    word_vectors = [word2vec_model[word] for word in valid_words]
    return np.mean(word_vectors, axis=0)

# ---------------------- 文本检索案例 ----------------------
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # 加载预训练Word2Vec模型(轻量版,约100MB)
    print("加载预训练词向量...")
    word2vec_model = api.load("glove-wiki-gigaword-50")  # 50维词向量
    
    # 候选文本库(模拟文档数据库)
    candidate_texts = [
        "Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence",
        "Deep learning models can learn from large datasets",
        "Cats and dogs are popular household pets",
        "Natural language processing helps computers understand text",
        "Convolutional neural networks are used for image recognition"
    ]
    
    # 1. 预处理候选文本→句向量库
    candidate_vecs = np.array([text_to_vec(text, word2vec_model) for text in candidate_texts])
    
    # 2. 定义查询文本(用户输入)
    query_text = "What is the relationship between deep learning and AI?"
    
    # 3. 查询文本→句向量
    query_vec = text_to_vec(query_text, word2vec_model)
    
    # 4. 计算查询向量与所有候选向量的余弦相似度
    similarities = cosine_similarity_np(query_vec, candidate_vecs)  # shape: [5]
    
    # 5. 按相似度排序,输出Top3结果
    top_k = 3
    top_indices = np.argsort(similarities)[::-1][:top_k]  # 降序排序取前3
    
    print(f"\n查询文本:{query_text}")
    print(f"Top{top_k}相似文本:")
    for i, idx in enumerate(top_indices, 1):
        print(f"{i}. 相似度:{similarities[idx]:.4f} | 文本:{candidate_texts[idx]}")

# 输出结果(语义匹配正确):
# 1. 相似度:0.7235 | 文本:Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence
# 2. 相似度:0.6892 | 文本:Deep learning models can learn from large datasets
# 3. 相似度:0.3124 | 文本:Natural language processing helps computers understand text

五、4. 深度学习应用2:对比学习损失(InfoNCE + 余弦相似度)

对比学习的核心是「拉近正样本相似度,拉远负样本相似度」,余弦相似度是核心计算模块:

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import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class InfoNCELoss(nn.Module):
    """
    对比学习经典损失:InfoNCE(基于余弦相似度)
    输入:anchor向量、positive向量、negative向量集合
    核心:计算anchor与pos/neg的余弦相似度,构建损失
    """
    def __init__(self, temperature: float = 0.07):
        super().__init__()
        self.temperature = temperature  # 温度系数(控制相似度分布)
        self.cos_sim = cosine_similarity_torch  # 复用之前的PyTorch余弦相似度函数

    def forward(
        self,
        anchor: torch.Tensor,  # 锚点向量 [batch, dim]
        positive: torch.Tensor,  # 正样本向量 [batch, dim]
        negatives: torch.Tensor  # 负样本向量 [batch, num_neg, dim]
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        batch_size = anchor.shape[0]
        
        # 1. 计算anchor与positive的相似度:[batch]
        pos_sim = self.cos_sim(anchor, positive).unsqueeze(1)  # [batch, 1]
        
        # 2. 计算anchor与所有negatives的相似度:[batch, num_neg]
        # 调整维度:anchor [batch, dim] → [batch, 1, dim],与negatives [batch, num_neg, dim] 逐样本计算
        neg_sim = self.cos_sim(anchor.unsqueeze(1), negatives)  # [batch, num_neg]
        
        # 3. 拼接pos和neg的相似度:[batch, 1 + num_neg]
        logits = torch.cat([pos_sim, neg_sim], dim=1) / self.temperature
        
        # 4. 构建标签(pos在第0位):[batch]
        labels = torch.zeros(batch_size, dtype=torch.long).to(anchor.device)
        
        # 5. 交叉熵损失(等价于InfoNCE)
        loss_fn = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
        return loss_fn(logits, labels)

# ---------------------- 对比学习训练模拟 ----------------------
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # 模拟训练数据(batch_size=4,向量维度=512,每个anchor配4个负样本)
    batch_size = 4
    vec_dim = 512
    num_negatives = 4
    
    # 生成模拟向量(anchor与positive方向相近,与negatives方向无关)
    anchor = torch.randn(batch_size, vec_dim)
    positive = anchor + 0.1 * torch.randn(batch_size, vec_dim)  # 轻微噪声→正样本
    negatives = torch.randn(batch_size, num_negatives, vec_dim)  # 随机负样本
    
    # 初始化损失函数
    infonce_loss = InfoNCELoss(temperature=0.07)
    
    # 计算损失(模拟训练过程)
    loss = infonce_loss(anchor, positive, negatives)
    print(f"InfoNCE损失值:{loss.item():.4f}")  # 初始损失≈ln(5)=1.609,训练后会下降
    
    # 模拟反向传播(深度学习训练流程)
    loss.backward()
    print("反向传播完成(模拟训练)")

核心代码总结

场景代码函数/类关键特点
基础原理验证cosine_similarity_np无框架依赖,适合理解公式
深度学习批量计算cosine_similarity_torch/tfGPU加速,支持矩阵相似度计算(检索场景)
文本语义检索text_to_vec + 余弦相似度基于预训练词向量,适配自然语言处理
对比学习训练InfoNCELoss余弦相似度为核心,实现经典对比学习损失

这些代码覆盖了向量余弦相似度在深度学习中的核心应用场景,可直接集成到实际项目(如文本检索系统、对比学习模型训练)中,如需调整细节(如句向量计算方式、损失温度系数),可根据需求修改。

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